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 First Amendment  Fundamental Freedoms

• Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

• Amdt1.1Overview of First Amendment, Fundamental Freedoms

  • Amdt1.2 Religion

  • Amdt1.2.1Overview of the Religion Clauses (Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses)

  • Amdt1.2.2 Historical Background

  • Amdt1.2.2.1Introduction to the Historical Background on the Religion Clauses

  • Amdt1.2.2.2England and Religious Freedom

  • Amdt1.2.2.3State-Established Religion in the Colonies

  • Amdt1.2.2.4Colonial Concepts of Religious Liberty

  • Amdt1.2.2.5Virginia's Movement Towards Religious Freedom

  • Amdt1.2.2.6Continental Congresses and Religious Freedom

  • Amdt1.2.2.7Constitutional Convention, Ratification, and the Bill of Rights

  • Amdt1.2.2.8Early Interpretations of the Religion Clauses

  • Amdt1.2.3 Religious Disputes

  • Amdt1.2.3.1Overview of Government Resolution of Religious Disputes

  • Amdt1.2.3.2Doctrinal Basis of Government Resolution of Religious Disputes

  • Amdt1.2.3.3Neutral Principles of Law and Government Resolution of Religious Disputes

  • Amdt1.2.3.4Church Leadership and the Ministerial Exception

  • Amdt1.3 Establishment Clause

  • Amdt1.3.1General Principle of Government Neutrality to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.2Accommodationist and Separationist Theories of the Establishment Clause

  • Amdt1.3.3Establishment Clause Tests Generally

  • Amdt1.3.4 Financial Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.4.1Overview of Financial Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.4.2Early Cases on Financial Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.4.3Adoption of the Lemon Test

  • Amdt1.3.4.4Application of the Lemon Test

  • Amdt1.3.4.5Zelman and Indirect Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.4.6Denying Financial Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.5 Non-Financial Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.5.1Overview of Non-Financial Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.5.2Early Cases on Non-Financial Assistance to Religion

  • Amdt1.3.5.3Purpose and Effect Test Before Lemon

  • Amdt1.3.6 Non-Financial Assistance to Religion and the Lemon Test

  • Amdt1.3.6.1Lemon's Purpose Prong

  • Amdt1.3.6.2Overview of Lemon's Effect Prong

  • Amdt1.3.6.3Lemon's Effect Prong and Accommodation of Religion

  • Amdt1.3.6.4Lemon's Effect Prong and Pervasively Sectarian Institutions

  • Amdt1.3.6.5Lemon's Entanglement Prong

  • Amdt1.3.6.6Endorsement Variation on Lemon

  • Amdt1.3.7 Non-Financial Assistance to Religion and Non-Lemon Tests

  • Amdt1.3.7.1Abandonment of the Lemon Test

  • Amdt1.3.7.2Coercion and Establishment Clause Doctrine

  • Amdt1.3.7.3Establishment Clause and Historical Practices and Tradition

  • Amdt1.4 Free Exercise Clause

  • Amdt1.4.1Overview of Free Exercise Clause

  • Amdt1.4.2Laws Regulating Religious Belief

  • Amdt1.4.3 Laws Neutral to Religious Practice

  • Amdt1.4.3.1Laws Neutral to Religious Practice during the 1940s and 1950s

  • Amdt1.4.3.2Laws Neutral to Religious Practice from the 1960s through the 1980s

  • Amdt1.4.3.3Laws Neutral to Religious Practice and Internal Government Affairs

  • Amdt1.4.3.4Laws Neutral to Religious Practice and Current Doctrine

  • Amdt1.4.3.5Laws Neutral to Religious Practice Regulating Prisons and the Military

  • Amdt1.4.4Laws that Discriminate Against Religious Practice

  • Amdt1.5Relationship Between the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses

  • Amdt1.6Relationship Between Religion Clauses and Free Speech Clause

  • Amdt1.7 Free Speech Clause

  • Amdt1.7.1Historical Background on Free Speech Clause

  • Amdt1.7.2 Procedural Matters

  • Amdt1.7.2.1The Overbreadth Doctrine, Statutory Language, and Free Speech

  • Amdt1.7.2.2Vagueness, Statutory Language, and Free Speech

  • Amdt1.7.2.3Prior Restraints on Speech

  • Amdt1.7.2.4State Action Doctrine and Free Speech

  • Amdt1.7.2.5Retaliatory Prosecution and Arrest

  • Amdt1.7.3 Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulation of Speech

  • Amdt1.7.3.1Overview of Content-Based and Content-Neutral Regulation of Speech

  • Amdt1.7.3.2Development of a Judicial Approach to Content-Based Speech Laws

  • Amdt1.7.3.3Laws Making Facial Content-Based Distinctions Regarding Speech

  • Amdt1.7.3.4Laws Regulating Speech with a Content-Discriminatory Purpose

  • Amdt1.7.3.5Laws Making Speaker-Based Distinctions in Regulating Speech

  • Amdt1.7.3.6Content-Based and Compelled Speech

  • Amdt1.7.3.7Content-Neutral Laws Burdening Speech

  • Amdt1.7.4 Viewpoint-Based Regulation of Speech

  • Amdt1.7.4.1Overview of Viewpoint-Based Regulation of Speech

  • Amdt1.7.4.2Viewpoint-Based Distinctions on the Face of a Law

  • Amdt1.7.4.3Viewpoint Discrimination in Facially Neutral Laws

  • Amdt1.7.4.4Viewpoint-Based Distinctions Within Proscribable Speech

  • Amdt1.7.4.5Viewpoint Neutrality in Forum Analysis

  • Amdt1.7.5 Categorical Approach

  • Amdt1.7.5.1Overview of Categorical Approach to Restricting Speech

  • Amdt1.7.5.2Early Doctrine of Incitement

  • Amdt1.7.5.3Incitement Movement from Clear and Present Danger Test

  • Amdt1.7.5.4Incitement Current Doctrine

  • Amdt1.7.5.5Fighting Words

  • Amdt1.7.5.6True Threats

  • Amdt1.7.5.7Defamation

  • Amdt1.7.5.8Application of Defamation Cases to Group Libel, Hate Speech

  • Amdt1.7.5.9False Statements Outside of Defamation

  • Amdt1.7.5.10Privacy Torts

  • Amdt1.7.5.11Obscenity

  • Amdt1.7.5.12Child Pornography

  • Amdt1.7.6 Commercial Speech

  • Amdt1.7.6.1Commercial Speech Early Doctrine

  • Amdt1.7.6.2Central Hudson Test and Current Doctrine

  • Amdt1.7.7 Public Forum Doctrine

  • Amdt1.7.7.1The Public Forum

  • Amdt1.7.7.2Public and Nonpublic Forums

  • Amdt1.7.7.3Quasi-Public Places

  • Amdt1.7.8 Role of Government

  • Amdt1.7.8.1Overview of Government Roles

  • Amdt1.7.8.2Government Speech and Government as Speaker

  • Amdt1.7.8.3Coercive Government Speech

  • Amdt1.7.8.4School Free Speech and Government as Educator

  • Amdt1.7.8.5Prison Free Speech and Government as Prison Administrator

  • Amdt1.7.9 Public Employee Speech and Government as Employer

  • Amdt1.7.9.1Loyalty Oaths

  • Amdt1.7.9.2Political Activities and Government Employees

  • Amdt1.7.9.3Honoraria and Government Employees

  • Amdt1.7.9.4Pickering Balancing Test for Government Employee Speech

  • Amdt1.7.10 Regulation of the Media

  • Amdt1.7.10.1Overview of Regulation of the Media

  • Amdt1.7.10.2Taxation and Financial Regulation of Media

  • Amdt1.7.10.3Broadcast Radio and Television

  • Amdt1.7.10.4Cable Television

  • Amdt1.7.11 Print, Telephone, and the Internet

  • Amdt1.7.11.1Overview of Print, Telephone, and the Internet

  • Amdt1.7.11.2Print Media

  • Amdt1.7.11.3Telephone Communications

  • Amdt1.7.11.4The Internet

  • Amdt1.7.12 Governmentally Required Access and Editorial Discretion

  • Amdt1.7.12.1Overview of Access and Editorial Discretion

  • Amdt1.7.12.2Access and Editorial Discretion in Broadcast Media

  • Amdt1.7.12.3Access and Editorial Discretion in Cable Television

  • Amdt1.7.13 Political Speech

  • Amdt1.7.13.1Overview of Campaign Finance

  • Amdt1.7.13.2Campaign Finance Contribution Limits and Source Restrictions

  • Amdt1.7.13.3Campaign Finance Expenditure Limits

  • Amdt1.7.13.4Campaign Finance Disclosure and Disclaimer Requirements

  • Amdt1.7.13.5Lobbying

  • Amdt1.7.13.6Legislative Investigations

  • Amdt1.7.14 Compelled Speech

  • Amdt1.7.14.1Overview of Compelled Speech

  • Amdt1.7.14.2Flag Salutes and Other Compelled Speech

  • Amdt1.7.14.3Compelled Subsidization

  • Amdt1.7.15 Unconstitutional Conditions on Speech

  • Amdt1.7.15.1Overview of Unconstitutional Conditions Doctrine

  • Amdt1.7.15.2Conditions of Public Employment

  • Amdt1.7.15.3Conditions on Tax Exemptions

  • Amdt1.7.15.4Conditions on Federal Funding

  • Amdt1.7.15.5Restrictions on Editorializing

  • Amdt1.7.15.6Selective Funding Arrangements

  • Amdt1.7.15.7Government's Message Versus Private Speakers

  • Amdt1.7.15.8Public Entities and Private Access

  • Amdt1.7.15.9Conditions Exceeding the Scope of the Program

  • Amdt1.7.15.10Requirements That Can Be Imposed Directly

  • Amdt1.7.16 Symbolic Speech

  • Amdt1.7.16.1Overview of Symbolic Speech

  • Amdt1.7.16.2Leaflets and Handbills

  • Amdt1.7.16.3Flags as a Case Study in Symbolic Speech

  • Amdt1.7.16.4Public Issue Picketing and Parading

  • Amdt1.7.16.5Labor Union Protests and Marches

  • Amdt1.7.16.6Solicitation

  • Amdt1.8 Freedom of Association

  • Amdt1.8.1Overview of Freedom of Association

  • Amdt1.8.2 Restrictions on Expressive Association

  • Amdt1.8.2.1Barriers to Group Advocacy and Legal Action

  • Amdt1.8.2.2Election Laws

  • Amdt1.8.2.3Denial of Employment or Public Benefits

  • Amdt1.8.2.4Conditions of Incarceration

  • Amdt1.8.2.5Material Support Bar

  • Amdt1.8.3 Disclosure of Association

  • Amdt1.8.3.1Associational Privacy

  • Amdt1.8.3.2Disclosure of Membership Lists

  • Amdt1.8.3.3Character and Fitness and Evidentiary Disclosures

  • Amdt1.8.3.4Legislative Inquiries

  • Amdt1.8.3.5Donor Disclosure Requirements

  • Amdt1.8.4 Compelled Association

  • Amdt1.8.4.1Union Membership and Fees

  • Amdt1.8.4.2Nondiscrimination and Equal-Access Requirements

  • Amdt1.8.5Intimate Association

  • Amdt1.9 Freedom of the Press

  • Amdt1.9.1Overview of Freedom of the Press

  • Amdt1.9.2Protection of Confidential Sources

  • Amdt1.9.3Access to Government Places and Papers

  • Amdt1.10 Freedoms of Assembly and Petition

  • Amdt1.10.1Historical Background on Freedoms of Assembly and Petition

  • Amdt1.10.2Doctrine on Freedoms of Assembly and Petition